A two-worlds view of Plato’s epistemology holds that the objects of the epistemic powers knowledge and belief cannot overlap. Whereas, an overlap view claims that they can. The two-worlds view has...

Included in the acute response of lowlanders exposed to reduced oxygen availability is an elevated red blood cell count due to increased erythropoietin (Epo) synthesis. According to current thinking, hypoxia is “sensed” by hydroxylases that permit Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1α (HIF‐1α) to complex with HIF‐1β to form a transcriptional activator (HIF‐1) that drives expression of hypoxia‐sensitive genes (such as EPO) under hypoxic conditions. In altitude‐adapted Andean natives, the Epo hypoxic response may be blunted; however, our data indicate that the DNA (...) sequences of the genes encoding Epo (including the 3′ regulatory region) and HIF‐1α appear to be conserved. Hence, adaptive changes in the Andean hypoxic response are not a consequence of changes in the primary sequence of these proteins or of known transcriptional regulatory domains of EPO. These results suggest that the altered erthropoietic response in Andean natives reflects adaptations in hypoxia sensing, rather than hypoxia response, mechanisms. BioEssays 25:515–519, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

Dans les études sur la corruption politique, on trouve fréquemment des retours au lieu commun que les problèmes d’abus de charge publique en vue d’un intérêt privé ne peuvent être réglés sans la magie du leadership (l’anglicisme malheureux s’impose ici), cette qualité énigmatique de commandement qui saurait mettre en place les dispositifs d’incitatifs, de surveillance et de contrôle nécessaires pour contrer les abus. Mais un tel argument mène à une aporie, car les études qui placent ainsi leur confiance dans cet (...) énigmatique leadership sont également traversées par l’idée, aussi un lieu commun, que toute autorité qui n’est pas sujette à la surveillance et au contrôle aura tendance à être corrompue. Dans cet essai, je propose de lire Le Prince de Machiavel comme une méditation sur le paradoxe suivant : l’autorité du principe est à la fois la source de la purification politique et la cause principale de la corruption. Le Prince, souvent considéré comme un texte fondateur des « leadership ethics », sera mal compris s’il n’est pas lu à la lumière de la préoccupation centrale de Machiavel républicain : la corruption. (shrink)

The metabolic organization of both normal and malignant prostate cellular phenotypes involves some unusual and surprising features. In particular, both conditions exhibit ratios of NADH/NAD+ and NADPH/NADP+ charactersitic of high oxidative states despite a chronic shortage of O2 in both conditions. In this paper, we observe that, in prostate cancer cells, the oxidizing power of the fatty acid synthesis (FAS) pathway is so large that redox is stabilized more favorably (more oxidized) than in normal prostate cells. This FAS‐facilitated redox improvement (...) occurs despite the fact that malignant cells are more O2 limited and therefore express more hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF1) and express hypoxia‐regulated genes more robustly. This unusual metabolic situation clearly separates direct regulatory effects of redox balance from secondary effects of hypoxia per se. The physiological significance of the FAS pathway is thus the harnessing of its oxidizing power for improving redox balance despite conditions of more extreme hypoxia. Similar hypoxia defense strategies are found in animal species that are unusually tolerant to oxygen lack. Our hypothesis is that the metabolic organization in the “low zinc, low citrate” phenotype reflects an hypoxia‐defense adaptation geared toward redox balance, with prostate cancer cells being relatively more oxidized, even if more hypoxic, than normal prostate cells. Recognition and understanding of these redox balancing and hypoxia defense functions may lead to new intervention strategies by developing new intracellular targets for prostate cancer therapy. BioEssays 24:749–757, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

This article considers Pablo Gilabert’s attempt to defend against libertarian critics his ambitious argument for basic positive duties of justice to the world’s destitute. The article notes that Gilabert’s argument – and particularly the vocabulary of perfect and imperfect duties that he adopts – has firm roots in the modern natural rights tradition. The article goes on to suggest, however, that Gilabert employs the phrase ‘imperfect duties’ in a manner that is in some tension with the tradition from which it (...) is derived. Indeed, Gilabert’s novel deployment of the phrase contains a number of radical possibilities that are not pursued in his text. The article suggests that Gilabert would do better to break more decisively from a tradition that insists on the essential distinction between justice and charity. (shrink)

The existence of other people addresses us; their existence is a fundamentally second-person matter. This chapter argues that staying too much in the would-be-utterly spectatorial third person, or stuck within the first person, has been philosophy’s bane. Such ‘objectivity’ and ‘subjectivity’, far from being opposites, are but two sides of the same coin. The alternative is the living world of the second person: being involved with others. I connect my illustration and elicitation of this ethics to Løgstrup and to Levinas. (...) And I triangulate my relational ethic with an apparent problem of ‘individualism’ in the second-person perspective as present in the work of Nykänen and Backström. (shrink)

In 5, Tait identifies a set of reflection principles called equation image-reflection principles which Peter Koellner has shown to be consistent relative to the existence of κ, the first ω-Erdős cardinal 1. Tait also defines a set of reflection principles called equation image-reflection principles; however, Koellner has shown that these are inconsistent when m > 2, but identifies restricted versions of them which he proves consistent relative to κ 2. In this paper, we introduce a new large-cardinal property, the α-reflective (...) cardinals. Their definition is motivated by Tait's remarks on parameters of third or higher order in reflection principles. We prove that if κ is ℶκ + α + 1-supercompact and 0 < α < κ then κ is α-reflective. Furthermore we show that α-reflective cardinals relativize to L, and that if κ exists then the set of cardinals λ < κ, such that λ is α-reflective for all α such that 0 < α < λ, is a stationary subset of κ. We show that an ω-reflective cardinal satisfies some restricted versions of equation image-reflection, as well as all the reflection properties proved consistent in 2. (shrink)

Tourists, Travellers and Hotels in Nineteenth-Century Jerusalem. By Shimon Gibson; Yoni Shapira; and Rupert L. Chapman III. The Palestine Exploration Fund Annual, vol. 11. Leeds: Maney Publishing, 2013. Pp. xv + 286, illus. $78. [Distributed by the David Brown Book Co., Oakville, Conn.].

Résumé Comment s’est-il autonomisé de la fonctionnalité sociale pour devenir l’institution dominante du capitalisme contemporain? Cet article examine deux performances. La première est celle de l’artiste australien Michael Goldberg : installé dans une galerie de Sydney pendant trois semaines, il spécule artistiquement sur des produits dérivés de News Corp., l’empire médiatique de Rupert Murdoch. La deuxième est un projet du collectif ephemera — theory & politics in organization : après avoir identifié le « pouvoir arbitraire » du capitalisme financier, (...) environ quarante participants tentent de créer collectivement un autre imaginaire, via une conférence / événement artistique organisée dans le Transsibérien. L’article emprunte à la sociologie lacanienne de Karin Knorr Cetina pour décrire le « rapport postsocial » des courtiers de bourse aux « objets en cours de déroulement » qui prennent forme sur leurs écrans. Il fait ensuite appel aux Cartographies schizoanalytiques de Guattari pour cerner la manière dont les éléments matériels et discursifs d’un imaginaire extériorisé peuvent se recombiner pour créer le miroir déroulant, à multiples facettes, où une subjectivité se réfléchit en mouvement. (shrink)

Résumé Comment s’est-il autonomisé de la fonctionnalité sociale pour devenir l’institution dominante du capitalisme contemporain? Cet article examine deux performances. La première est celle de l’artiste australien Michael Goldberg : installé dans une galerie de Sydney pendant trois semaines, il spécule artistiquement sur des produits dérivés de News Corp., l’empire médiatique de Rupert Murdoch. La deuxième est un projet du collectif ephemera — theory & politics in organization : après avoir identifié le « pouvoir arbitraire » du capitalisme financier, (...) environ quarante participants tentent de créer collectivement un autre imaginaire, via une conférence / événement artistique organisée dans le Transsibérien. L’article emprunte à la sociologie lacanienne de Karin Knorr Cetina pour décrire le « rapport postsocial » des courtiers de bourse aux « objets en cours de déroulement » qui prennent forme sur leurs écrans. Il fait ensuite appel aux Cartographies schizoanalytiques de Guattari pour cerner la manière dont les éléments matériels et discursifs d’un imaginaire extériorisé peuvent se recombiner pour créer le miroir déroulant, à multiples facettes, où une subjectivité se réfléchit en mouvement. (shrink)

I respond to Wes Sharrock and Rupert Read’s argument that we should not count very long supposed translations of very short sentences as translations. I cannot see that a length mismatch alone should disqualify a sentence from counting as a translation.

The paper follows the thesis, that the perception of real or virtual media shares the anthropological state of "Ausdruckswahrnehmung" or perception of expression (Ernst Cassirer). This kind of perception does not represent a distant, neutral point of view, but one that is guided by feelings or "vitality affects" (Daniel N. Stern). The prerequisites, however, for triggering these feelings/"vitality affects" are not recognizable objects or motifs, but rather their sensually evaluable “abstract representations” or their formal logical structures. In contrast to aesthetic (...) feelings, however, they affect not only our feelings of lust or unlust or our knowledge (formal aesthetics) but also our actions (semiotics). So, when I extend aesthetic experiences to semiotic effects, I will talk about vitality semiotics. This new concept is of consequence, because the thesis of the responsibility of the producer is based on these effects. This is to be carried out by analyzing and presenting the approach of the Bauhaus master Josef Albers. (shrink)

La thèse kuhnienne de l’incommensurabilité semble mettre en cause le réalisme scientifique. Une réponse à cette mise en cause consiste à se focaliser sur la continuité de la référence. La théorie causale de la référence, en particulier, semble offrir la possibilité d’une continuité de la référence susceptible de fournir une base pour l’espèce de comparabilité entre théories que requiert le réaliste. Dans « baptiser et rebaptiser : la vulnérabilité des désignations rigides », Kuhn attaque la théorie causale et l’essentialisme auquel (...) cette théorie est liée. La position de Kuhn est défendue par Rupert Read et Wes Sharrok [Read & Sharrok 2002b]. Dans cet article, j’examine les arguments présentés par Kuhn, Read et Sharrok, et je montre qu’ils ne fournissent aucune raison de douter ni de la théorie causale, ni de l’essentialisme. (shrink)

Occasionally we respond to events, theories, and even discoveries in other fields with somewhat more enthusiasm than that of the more cautious specialists in those fields. The reaction of Beowulf scholars to first the provisional and then the final replica of the Anglo-Saxon “harp” found in the Sutton Hoo burial is a case in point. Particularly interesting is the exchange between C. L. Wrenn and the archaeologist Rupert Bruce-Mitford, the guiding spirit of the harp's reconstruction. Wrenn wrote of the (...) discovery of the Sutton Hoo burial that “it may well seem the most important happening since the Icelander Jon Grimur Thorkelin made his transcripts of the Beowulf MS. and from them published the first edition of the poem.” Of the harp Wrenn wrote, “The discovery of [its] fragments … gave something like a new impetus to the exploration of the music of Anglo-Saxon verse.” Bruce-Mitford, who personally exhibited to Wrenn the fragments of a similar “harp” found in the Taplow Barrow, quoted the first remark more than once and commented wryly in print, “Archaeologists must not claim too much for their discoveries, lest they mislead colleagues in other fields of study, or worse, cause the evidence itself to be underestimated. (shrink)